[Design the new virus HTLV-1 protease peptide inhibitors based on Benzene functional group by computational methods]

Background: Virus htlv-1 is in the retrovirus family; the virus causing human diseases such as adult T-Cell Leukemia [ATL], HAM / TSP and etc… One of the major proteins in the virus is protease that is essential for virus maturation. Inhibitors that ever made for the protease didn't show any properly activity. We have created a new series of inhibitors and with using of computational tools to calculate the way of interactions to the protease protein.

Materials and Methods: The compounds based on the similarity of the original peptide and based on peptidomemiticswere created. Compounds were created by software Hyperchem and optimization act on designed ligand and ligand with the protein crystal structure were performed after separating them. ADME and toxicity characteristics of the compounds were obtained by using Web applications in http:/lazar-services.in-silico.ch and http:/www.molinspiration.com and docking were performed on them.

Results: The results of studies on ADME designed compounds already showed a good result. Toxicity studies also indicate relatively good results; also the docking results were showed good specificity.

Conclusion: Our studies showed that designed inhibitors can be effective drug-like compounds to inhibiting the protein and therefore use to contrast with this virus.

Cardiovascular effects of antidepressants and mood stabilizers

Depression is a serious disorder in today's society, with the estimates of lifetime prevalence being as high as 21% of the general population in some developed countries. As defined by the American Psychiatric Association, depression is a heterogeneous disorder often manifested with symptoms at the psychological, behavioral, and physiological levels. Such patients are often reluctant to take synthetic antidepressants in their appropriate doses due to their anticipated side effects including inability to drive a car, dry mouth, constipation, and sexual dysfunction. As a therapeutic alternative, effective herbal drugs may offer advantages in terms of safety and tolerability, possibly also improving patient compliance. The advent of the first antidepressants, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors [MAOIs] and Tricyclic Antidepressants [TCAs], in the 1950s and 1960s represented a dramatic leap forward in the clinical management of depression. The subsequent development of the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors [SSRIs] and the Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor [SNRI] venlafaxine in the past decade and a half has greatly enhanced the treatment of depression by offering patients medications that are as effective as the older agents but are generally more tolerable and safer in an overdose. The introduction of atypical antidepressants, such as bupropion, nefazadone, and mirtazapine, has added substantially to the available pharmacopoeia for depression. Nonetheless, rates of remission tend to be low and the risk of relapse and recurrence remains high. One of the concerns regarding the safety of antidepressant is its potential risk of cardiotoxicity and cardiovascular side effects. In this review, we will focus on the cardiovascular side effects of different types of antidepressants

Herbal medicines in the treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders

This review will indicate the quality of the evidence supporting the clinical effects of a number of commonly used types of herbal medicines for psychiatric and neurological disorders. We conducted a review of literature to understand the biochemical and evidential bases for the use of herbs in psychiatric and neurological disorders as follow: 1] Alzheimer's disease, 2] Depression, 3] Anxiety, 4] Insomnia, 5] Substance use disorders, 6] Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], 7] Migraine. Evidences support use of Ginkgo biloba, Huperzine A, Galantamine, Melissa officinalisand Salvia officinalis for Alzheimer's disease; St. John's wort, Lavender. and Saffron for depression; Passionflower, and Kava, for anxiety disorders; Valerian and English Lavender for sleep disorders; Hypericum for substance related disorders; Ginkgo biloba, and Passionflower for ADHD; and feverfew, and Butterbur root for migraine. The highest level of confidence derives from well-designed, randomized, double blind controlled studies. Herbs may have beneficial effects in variety of psychiatric and neurological disorder; however we must consider their potential side effects and drug-drug interactions